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But/As - Relatives - Pronouns - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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OTHER WORDS USED AS RELATIVES



[Sidenote: But _and_ as.]


124. Two words, but and as, are used with the force of relative

pronouns in some expressions; for example,--


1. There is not a leaf rotting on the highway _but_ has force in

it: how else could it rot?--CARLYLE.


2. This, amongst such other troubles _as_ most men meet with in

this life, has been my heaviest affliction.--DE QUINCEY.


[Sidenote: _Proof that they have the force of relatives._]


Compare with these the two following sentences:--


3. There is nothing _but_ is related to us, nothing _that_ does

_not_ interest us.--EMERSON.


4. There were articles of comfort and luxury such _as_ Hester

never ceased to use, but _which_ only wealth could have

purchased.--HAWTHORNE.


Sentence 3 shows that _but_ is equivalent to the relative _that_ with

_not_, and that _as_ after _such_ is equivalent to _which_.


For _as_ after _same_ see "Syntax" (Sec. 417).


[Sidenote: _Former use of_ as.]


125. In early modern English, _as_ was used just as we use _that_ or

_which_, not following the word _such_; thus,--


I have not from your eyes that gentleness

And show of love _as_ I was wont to have.--SHAKESPEARE


This still survives in vulgar English in England; for example,--


"Don't you mind Lucy Passmore, _as_ charmed your warts for you

when you was a boy? "--KINGSLEY


This is frequently illustrated in Dickens's works.



[Sidenote: _Other substitutes._]


126. Instead of the phrases _in which_, _upon which_, _by which_,

etc., the conjunctions _wherein_, _whereupon_, _whereby_, etc., are

used.


A man is the facade of a temple _wherein_ all wisdom and good

abide.--EMERSON.


The sovereignty of this nature _whereof_ we speak.--_Id._


The dear home faces _whereupon_

That fitful firelight paled and shone.--WHITTIER.





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