SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
299. Subordinate conjunctions are of the following kinds:--
(1) PLACE: _where_, _wherever_, _whither_, _whereto_, _whithersoever_,
_whence_, etc.
(2) TIME: _when_, _before_, _after_, _since_, _as_, _until_,
_whenever_, _while_, _ere_, etc.
(3) MANNER: _how_, _as_, _however_, _howsoever_.
(4) CAUSE or REASON: _because_, _since_, _as_, _now_, _whereas_,
_that_, _seeing_, etc.
(5) COMPARISON: _than_ and _as_.
(6) PURPOSE: _that_, _so_, _so that_, _in order that_, _lest_,
_so_..._as_.
(7) RESULT: _that_, _so that_, especially _that_ after _so_.
(8) CONDITION or CONCESSION: _if_, _unless_, _so_, _except_, _though_,
_although_; _even if_, _provided_, _provided that_, _in case_, _on
condition that_, etc.
(9) SUBSTANTIVE: _that_, _whether_, sometimes _if_, are used
frequently to introduce noun clauses used as _subject, object, in
apposition_, etc.
Examples of the use of subordinate conjunctions:--
[Sidenote: _Place._]
Where the treasure is, there will the heart be also.--_Bible._
To lead from eighteen to twenty millions of men _whithersoever_
they will.--J. QUINCY.
An artist will delight in excellence _wherever_ he meets it.
--ALLSTON.
[Sidenote: _Time._]
I promise to devote myself to your happiness _whenever_ you shall
ask it of me.--PAULDING.
It is sixteen years _since_ I saw the Queen of France.--BURKE.
[Sidenote: _Manner._]
Let the world go _how_ it will.--CARLYLE
Events proceed, not _as_ they were expected or intended, but _as_
they are impelled by the irresistible laws.--AMES.
[Sidenote: _Cause, reason._]
I see no reason _why_ I should not have the same
thought.--EMERSON.
Then Denmark blest our chief,
_That_ he gave her wounds repose.
--CAMPBELL.
_Now_ he is dead, his martyrdom will reap
Late harvests of the palms he should have had in life.
--H.H. JACKSON
Sparing neither whip nor spur, _seeing that_ he carried the
vindication of his patron's fame in his saddlebags.--IRVING.
[Sidenote: _Comparison._]
As a soldier, he was more solicitous to avoid mistakes _than_ to
perform exploits that are brilliant.--AMES.
All the subsequent experience of our race had gone over him with
as little permanent effect _as_ [_as_ follows the semi-adverbs
_as_ and _so_ in expressing comparison] the passing
breeze.--HAWTHORNE.
[Sidenote: _Purpose._]
We wish for a thousand heads, a thousand bodies, _that_ we might
celebrate its immense beauty.--EMERSON.
[Sidenote: _Result._]
So many thoughts moved to and fro,
_That_ vain it were her eyes to close.
--COLERIDGE.
I was again covered with water, but not so long _but_ I held it
out.--DEFOE.
[Sidenote: _Condition._]
A ridicule which is of no import _unless_ the scholar heed
it.--EMERSON.
There flowers or weeds at will may grow,
_So_ I behold them not.
--BYRON.
[Sidenote: _Concession_.]
What _though_ the radiance which was once so bright
Be now forever taken from my sight.--WORDSWORTH.
[Sidenote: _Substantive._]
It seems a pity _that_ we can only spend it once.--EMERSON.
We do not believe _that_ he left any worthy man his foe who had
ever been his friend.--AMES.
Let us see _whether_ the greatest, the wisest, the purest-hearted
of all ages are agreed in any wise on this point.--RUSKIN.
Who can tell _if_ Washington be a great man or no?--EMERSON.
300. As will have been noticed, some words--for example, _since_,
_while_, _as_, _that_, etc.--may belong to several classes of
conjunctions, according to their meaning and connection in the
sentence.
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