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Moods -exercises(indicative,subjunctive,imperative) - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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Exercises on the Moods

(_a_) Tell the mood of each verb in these sentences, and what special use it is of that mood:--

     1. Wherever the standard of freedom and independence has been or shall be unfurled, there will her heart and her prayers be.

     2. Mark thou this difference, child of earth!
           While each performs his part,
         Not all the lip can speak is worth
           The silence of the heart.

     3. Oh, that I might be admitted to thy presence! that mine were
     the supreme delight of knowing thy will!

     4. 'Twere worth ten years of peaceful life,
         One glance at their array!

     5. Whatever inconvenience ensue, nothing is to be preferred
     before justice.

     6. The vigorous sun would catch it up at eve
         And use it for an anvil till he had filled
         The shelves of heaven with burning thunderbolts.

     7. Meet is it changes should control
         Our being, lest we rust in ease.

     8. Quoth she, "The Devil take the goose,
         And God forget the stranger!"

     9. Think not that I speak for your sakes.

     10. "Now tread we a measure!" said young Lochinvar.

     11. Were that a just return? Were that Roman magnanimity?

     12. Well; how he may do his work, whether he do it right or
     wrong, or do it at all, is a point which no man in the world has
     taken the pains to think of.

     13. He is, let him live where else he like, in what pomps and
     prosperities he like, no literary man.

     14. Could we one day complete the immense figure which these
     flagrant points compose!

     15. "Oh, then, my dear madam," cried he, "tell me where I may
     find my poor, ruined, but repentant child."

     16. That sheaf of darts, will it not fall unbound,
         Except, disrobed of thy vain earthly vaunt,
         Thou bring it to be blessed where saints and angels haunt?

     17. Forget thyself to marble, till
         With a sad leaden downward cast
         Thou fix them on the earth as fast.

     18. He, as though an instrument,
         Blew mimic hootings to the silent owls,
         That they might answer him.

     19. From the moss violets and jonquils peep,
         And dart their arrowy odor through the brain,
         Till you might faint with that delicious pain.

     20. That a man parade his doubt, and get to imagine that debating
     and logic is the triumph and true work of what intellect he has;
     alas! this is as if you should overturn the tree.

     21. The fat earth feed thy branchy root
           That under deeply strikes!
         The northern morning o'er thee shoot,
           High up in silver spikes!

     22. Though abyss open under abyss, and opinion displace opinion,
     all are at last contained in the Eternal cause.

     23. God send Rome one such other sight!

     24. "Mr. Marshall," continued Old Morgan, "see that no one
     mentions the United States to the prisoner."

     25. If there is only one woman in the nation who claims the right
     to vote, she ought to have it.

     26. Though he were dumb, it would speak.

     27. Meantime, whatever she did,--whether it were in display of
     her own matchless talents, or whether it were as one member of a
     general party,--nothing could exceed the amiable, kind, and
     unassuming deportment of Mrs. Siddons.

     28. It makes a great difference to the force of any sentence
     whether there be a man behind it or no.

(_b_) Find sentences with five verbs in the indicative mood, five in
the subjunctive, five in the imperative.




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Mood-imperative,definition,command,entreaty,request - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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IMPERATIVE MOOD


[Sidenote: _Definition._]

231. The imperative mood is the form of the verb used in direct
commands, entreaties, or requests.


[Sidenote: _Usually second person._]

232. The imperative is naturally used mostly with the second
person, since commands are directed to a person addressed.

(1) _Command._

     _Call up_ the shades of Demosthenes and Cicero to vouch for your
     words; _point_ to their immortal works.--J.Q. ADAMS.

     _Honor_ all men; _love_ all men; _fear_ none.--CHANNING.

(2) _Entreaty._

     Oh, from these sterner aspects of thy face
     _Spare_ me and mine, nor _let_ us need the wrath
     Of the mad unchained elements.
     --BRYANT.

(3) _Request._

     "_Hush_! mother," whispered Kit. "_Come_ along with me."--DICKENS

     _Tell_ me, how was it you thought of coming here?--_Id._

[Sidenote: _Sometimes with_ first person _in the plural_.]

But the imperative may be used with the plural of the first person.
Since the first person plural person is not really I + I, but I + you,
or I + they, etc., we may use the imperative with _we_ in a command, request, etc., to _you_ implied in it. This is scarcely ever found outside of poetry.

     _Part we_ in friendship from your land,
     And, noble earl, receive my hand.
     --SCOTT.

     Then _seek we_ not their camp--for there
     The silence dwells of my despair.
     --CAMPBELL.

     _Break we_ our watch up.--SHAKESPEARE.

Usually this is expressed by _let_ with the objective:

"_Let_ us go."
And the same with the third person:
"_Let_ him be accursed."




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Mood - prevalence,subjunctive - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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Prevalence of the Subjunctive Mood


230. As shown by the wide range of literature from which these
examples are selected, the subjunctive is very much used in literary
English, especially by those who are artistic and exact in the
expression of their thought.

At the present day, however, the subjunctive is becoming less and
less used. Very many of the sentences illustrating the use of the
subjunctive mood could be replaced by numerous others using the
indicative to express the same thoughts.

The three uses of the subjunctive now most frequent are, to express a wish, a concession, and condition contrary to fact.

In spoken English, the subjunctive _were_ is much used in a wish or a condition contrary to fact, but hardly any other subjunctive forms
are.

It must be remembered, though, that many of the verbs in the
subjunctive have the same form as the indicative. Especially is this
true of unreal conditions in past time; for example,--

     Were we of open sense as the Greeks were, we _had found_ [should
     have found] a poem here.--CARLYLE.



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Mood,clause,noun,concessive - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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VII. In a Noun Clause


[Sidenote: _Subject._]

228. The noun clause, in its various uses as subject, object, in
apposition, etc., often contains a subjunctive.

     The essence of originality is not that it _be_ new.--CARLYLE

[Sidenote: _Apposition or logical subject._]

     To appreciate the wild and sharp flavors of those October fruits,
     it is necessary that you _be breathing_ the sharp October or
     November air.--THOREAU.

[Sidenote: _Complement._]

     The first merit, that which admits neither substitute nor
     equivalent, is, that everything _be_ in its place.--COLERIDGE.

[Sidenote: _Object._]

     As sure as Heaven shall rescue me, I have no thought what men
     they _be_.--COLERIDGE.

     Some might lament that I _were_ cold.--SHELLEY.

[Sidenote: _After verbs of commanding._]

This subjunctive is very frequent after verbs of _commanding_.

     See that there _be_ no traitors in your camp.--TENNYSON.

     Come, tell me all that thou hast seen,
     And look thou _tell_ me true.
     --SCOTT.

     See that thy scepter _be_ heavy on his head.--DE QUINCEY.



VIII. Concessive Clauses


229. The concession may be expressed--

(1) In the nature of the verb; for example,--

     _Be_ the matter how it may, Gabriel Grub was afflicted with
     rheumatism to the end of his days.--DICKENS.

     _Be_ the appeal _made_ to the understanding or the heart, the
     sentence is the same--that rejects it.--BROUGHAM

(2) By an indefinite relative word, which may be

(_a_) _Pronoun._

     Whatever _betide_, we'll turn aside,
     And see the Braes of Yarrow.
     --WORDSWORTH.

(_b_) _Adjective._

     That hunger of applause, of cash, or whatsoever victual it _may
     be_, is the ultimate fact of man's life.--CARLYLE.

(_c_) _Adverb._

     Wherever he _dream_ under mountain or stream,
     The spirit he loves remains.
     --SHELLEY.



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Mood,sunjunctive,purpose/result/clause/wish - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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II. Subjunctive of Purpose


223. The subjunctive, especially _be_, _may_, _might_, and _should_, is used to express purpose, the clause being introduced by _that_ or _lest_; as,--

     It was necessary, he supposed, to drink strong beer, that he
     _might be_ strong to labor.--FRANKLIN.

     I have been the more particular...that you _may compare_ such
     unlikely beginnings with the figure I have since made
     there.--_Id._

     He [Roderick] with sudden impulse that way rode, To tell of what had passed, lest in the strife They _should engage_ with Julian's men.--SOUTHEY.



III. Subjunctive of Result


224. The subjunctive may represent the result toward which an action tends:--

     So many thoughts move to and fro,
     That vain it _were_ her eyes to close.
     --COLERIDGE.

     So live, that when thy summons comes to join
     The innumerable caravan...
     Thou _go_ not, like the quarry-slave at night.
     --BRYANT.



IV. In Temporal Clauses

225. The English subjunctive, like the Latin, is sometimes used in a
clause to express the time when an action is to take place.

     Let it rise, till it _meet_ the sun in his coming.--D. WEBSTER.

     Rise up, before it _be_ too late!--HAWTHORNE.

     But it will not be long
     Ere this _be thrown_ aside.
     --WORDSWORTH.



V. In Indirect Questions


226. The subjunctive is often found in indirect questions, the
answer being regarded as doubtful.

     Ask the great man if there _be_ none greater.--EMERSON

     What the best arrangement _were_, none of us could say.--CARLYLE.

     Whether it _were_ morning or whether it _were_ afternoon, in her confusion she had not distinctly known.--DE QUINCEY.



VI. Expressing a Wish


227. After a verb of wishing, the subjunctive is regularly used in
the dependent clause.

     The transmigiation of souls is no fable. I would it _were_!
     --EMERSON.

     Bright star! Would I _were_ steadfast as thou art!--KEATS.

     I've wished that little isle _had_ wings,
     And we, within its fairy bowers,
     _Were wafted_ off to seas unknown.
     --MOORE.



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Mood - Exercise(subjunctive) - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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Exercise

In the following conditional clauses, tell whether each verb is
indicative or subjunctive, and what kind of condition:--

     1. The voice, if he speak to you, is of similar physiognomy,
     clear, melodious, and sonorous.--CARLYLE.

     2. Were you so distinguished from your neighbors, would you, do
     you think, be any the happier?--THACKERAY.

     3. Epaminondas, if he was the man I take him for, would have sat
     still with joy and peace, if his lot had been mine.--EMERSON.

     4. If a damsel had the least smattering of literature, she was
     regarded as a prodigy.--MACAULAY.

     5. I told him, although it were the custom of our learned in
     Europe to steal inventions from each other,... yet I would take
     such caution that he should have the honor entire.--SWIFT.

     6. If he had reason to dislike him, he had better not have
     written, since he [Byron] was dead.--N.P. WILLIS.

     7. If it were prostrated to the ground by a profane hand, what
     native of the city would not mourn over its fall?--GAYARRE.

     8. But in no case could it be justified, except it be for a
     failure of the association or union to effect the object for
     which it was created.--CALHOUN.



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Mood,study,conditional sentences,(un)real/ideal - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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STUDY OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES


222. There are three kinds of conditional sentences:--

[Sidenote: _Real or true._]

(1) Those in which an assumed or admitted fact is placed before the
mind in the form of a condition (see Sec. 215, 2); for example,--

     If they _were_ unacquainted with the works of philosophers and
     poets, they were deeply read in the oracles of God. If their
     names _were not found_ in the registers of heralds, they were
     recorded in the Book of Life.--MACAULAY.

[Sidenote: _Ideal,--may or may not be true._]

(2) Those in which the condition depends on something uncertain, and _may or may not be regarded true, or be fulfilled_; as,--

     If, in our case, the representative system ultimately _fail_,
     popular government must be pronounced impossible.

     --D. WEBSTER.

     If this _be_ the glory of Julius, the first great founder of the
     Empire, so it is also the glory of Charlemagne, the second
     founder.--BRYCE.

     If any man _consider_ the present aspects of what is called by
     distinction society, he will see the need of these ethics.
     --EMERSON.

[Sidenote: _Unreal--cannot be true._]

(3) Suppositions _contrary to fact_, which cannot be true, or
conditions that cannot be fulfilled, but are presented only in order
to suggest what _might be_ or _might have been_ true; thus,--

     If these things _were_ true, society could not hold together.
     --LOWELL.

     _Did not_ my writings _produce_ me some solid pudding, the great deficiency of praise would have quite discouraged me.--FRANKLIN.

     _Had_ he for once _cast_ all such feelings aside, and _striven_
     energetically to save Ney, it _would have cast_ such an      enhancing light over all his glories, that we cannot but regret its
     absence.--BAYNE.


     NOTE.--Conditional sentences are usually introduced by _if_,
     _though_, _except_, _unless_, etc.; but when the verb precedes
     the subject, the conjunction is often omitted: for example,
     "_Were I bidden_ to say how the highest genius could be most
     advantageously employed," etc.



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Mood,subjunctive,meaning,definition,(in)dependent clauses - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD


[Sidenote: _Meaning of the word._]

217. _Subjunctive_ means _subjoined_, or joined as dependent or
subordinate to something else.

[Sidenote: _This meaning is misleading._]

If its original meaning be closely adhered to, we must expect every
dependent clause to have its verb in the subjunctive mood, and every clause _not_ dependent to have its verb in some other mood.

But this is not the case. In the quotation from Hamilton (Sec. 215, 2)
several subjoined clauses introduced by _if_ have the indicative mood, and also independent clauses are often found having the verb in the subjunctive mood.

[Sidenote: _Cautions._]

Three cautions will be laid down which must be observed by a student
who wishes to understand and use the English subjunctive:--

(1) You cannot tell it always by the form of the word. The main
difference is, that the subjunctive has no _-s_ as the ending of the
present tense, third person singular; as, "If he _come_."

(2) The fact that its clause is dependent or is introduced by certain
words will not be a safe rule to guide you.

(3) The _meaning_ of the verb itself must be keenly studied.


[Sidenote: _Definition._]

218. The subjunctive mood is that form or use of the verb which
expresses action or being, not as a fact, but as merely conceived of
in the mind.


Subjunctive in Independent Clauses.


I. Expressing a Wish.

219. The following are examples of this use:--

     Heaven _rest_ her soul!--MOORE.

     God _grant_ you find one face there You loved when all was
     young.--KINGSLEY.

     Now _tremble_ dimples on your cheek, Sweet _be_ your lips to
     taste and speak.--BEDDOES.

     Long _die_ thy happy days before thy death.--SHAKESPEARE.


II. A Contingent Declaration or Question.

220. This really amounts to the conclusion, or principal clause, in
a sentence, of which the condition is omitted.

     Our chosen specimen of the hero as literary man [if we were to
     choose one] _would be_ this Goethe.--CARLYLE.

     I _could lie_ down like a tired child,
     And _weep_ away the life of care
     Which I have borne and yet must bear.--SHELLEY.

     Most excellent stranger, as you come to the lakes simply to see
     their loveliness, _might_ it not _be_ as well to ask after the
     most beautiful road, rather than the shortest?--DE QUINCEY.


Subjunctive in Dependent Clauses.


I. Condition or Supposition.


221. The most common way of representing the action or being as
merely thought of, is by putting it into the form of a _supposition_
or _condition_; as,--

     Now, if the fire of electricity and that of lightning _be_ the
     same, this pasteboard and these scales may represent electrified
     clouds.--FRANKLIN.

Here no assertion is made that the two things _are_ the same; but, if
the reader merely _conceives_ them for the moment to be the same, the
writer can make the statement following. Again,--

     If it _be_ Sunday [supposing it to be Sunday], the peasants sit
     on the church steps and con their psalm books.--LONGFELLOW.



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Mood-modus,indicative,definition - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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MOOD


[Sidenote: _Definition._]

213. The word _mood_ is from the Latin _modus_, meaning _manner_, _way_, _method_. Hence, when applied to verbs,--

Mood means the manner of conceiving and expressing action or being of some subject.


[Sidenote: _The three ways._]

214. There are three chief ways of expressing action or being:--

(1) As a fact; this may be a question, statement, or assumption.

(2) As doubtful, or merely conceived of in the mind.

(3) As urged or commanded.



INDICATIVE MOOD


[Sidenote: _Deals with facts._]

215. The term _indicative_ is from the Latin _indicare_ (to declare,
or assert). The indicative represents something as a fact,--

[Sidenote: _Affirms or denies._]

(1) _By declaring a thing to be true or not to be true_; thus,--

     Distinction _is_ the consequence, never the object, of a great
     mind.--ALLSTON.

     I _do not remember_ when or by whom I _was taught_ to read;
     because I _cannot_ and never _could recollect_ a time when I
     _could not read_ my Bible.--D. WEBSTER.

[Sidenote: _Assumed as a fact._]

[Sidenote: _Caution._]

(2) _By assuming a thing to be true_ without declaring it to be so.
This kind of indicative clause is usually introduced by _if_ (meaning
_admitting that, granting that_, etc.), _though, although_, etc.
Notice that the action is not merely conceived as possible; it is
assumed to be a fact: for example,--

     If the penalties of rebellion hung over an unsuccessful contest;
     if America was yet in the cradle of her political existence; if
     her population little exceeded two millions; if she was without
     government, without fleets or armies, arsenals or magazines,
     without military knowledge,--still her citizens had a just and
     elevated sense of her rights.--A. HAMILTON.

(3) _By asking a question to find out some fact_; as,--

     Is private credit the friend and patron of industry?--HAMILTON.

     With respect to novels what shall I say?--N. WEBSTER.


[Sidenote: _Definition._]

216 .The indicative mood is that form of a verb which represents a
thing as a fact, or inquires about some fact.



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Voice-Active,Passive,Exercises - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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Exercises

(_a_) Pick out the verbs in the active and the passive voice:--

1. In the large room some forty or fifty students were walking about
while the parties were preparing.

2. This was done by taking off the coat and vest and binding a great
thick leather garment on, which reached to the knees.

3. They then put on a leather glove reaching nearly to the shoulder,
tied a thick cravat around the throat, and drew on a cap with a large
visor.

4. This done, they were walked about the room a short time; their
faces all this time betrayed considerable anxiety.

5. We joined the crowd, and used our lungs as well as any.

6. The lakes were soon covered with merry skaters, and every afternoon
the banks were crowded with spectators.

7. People were setting up torches and lengthening the rafts which had
been already formed.

8. The water was first brought in barrels drawn by horses, till some
officer came and opened the fire plug.

9. The exclusive in fashionable life does not see that he excludes
himself from enjoyment, in the attempt to appropriate it.


(_b_) Find sentences with five verbs in the active and five in the
passive voice.



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Voice-Active,Passive,meaning,definition - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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VOICE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE


[Sidenote: _Meaning of active voice._]


208. As has been seen, transitive verbs are the only kind that can
express action so as to go over to an object. This implies three
things,--the agent, or person or thing acting; the verb representing
the action; the person or object receiving the act.


In the sentence,
"We reached the village of Sorgues by dusk, and accepted the invitation of an old dame to lodge at her inn," 
these three things are found: 
the actor, or agent, is expressed by _we_; 
the action is asserted by _reached_ and _accepted_; the things acted upon are _village_ and _invitation_. 
Here the subject is represented as doing something. The same word is the subject and the agent. This use of a transitive verb is called the active voice.




[Sidenote: _Definition._]


209. The active voice is that form of a verb which represents the
subject as acting; or


The active voice is that form of a transitive verb which makes the
_subject_ and the _agent_ the same word.




[Sidenote: _A question._]


210. Intransitive verbs are _always active voice_. Let the student
explain why.




[Sidenote: _Meaning of passive voice._]


211. In the assertion of an action, it would be natural to suppose,
that, instead of always representing the subject as acting upon some
person or thing, it must often happen that the subject is spoken of as
_acted upon_; and the person or thing acting may or may not be
expressed in the sentence: for example,--


All infractions of love and equity in our social relations are
speedily punished. They are punished by fear.--EMERSON.


Here the subject _infractions_ does nothing: it represents the object
toward which the action of _are punished_ is directed, yet it is the
subject of the same verb. In the first sentence the agent is not
expressed; in the second, _fear_ is the agent of the same action.


So that in this case, instead of having the agent and subject the same
word, we have the _object_ and _subject_ the same word, and the agent may be omitted from the statement of the action.


_Passive_ is from the Latin word _patior_, meaning _to endure_ or
_suffer_; but in ordinary grammatical use _passive_ means _receiving an action_.




[Sidenote: _Definition._]


212. The passive voice is that form of the verb which represents the
subject as being acted upon; or--


The passive voice is that form of the verb which represents the
_subject_ and the _object_ by the same word.


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Verbs Classification - Transitive/Intransitive - Exercises - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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Exercises

(_a_) Pick out the transitive and the intransitive verbs in the
following:--

1. The women and children collected together at a distance.

2. The path to the fountain led through a grassy savanna.

3. As soon as I recovered my senses and strength from so sudden a
surprise, I started back out of his reach where I stood to view him;
he lay quiet whilst I surveyed him.

4. At first they lay a floor of this kind of tempered mortar on the
ground, upon which they deposit a layer of eggs.

5. I ran my bark on shore at one of their landing places, which was a
sort of neck or little dock, from which ascended a sloping path or
road up to the edge of the meadow, where their nests were; most of
them were deserted, and the great thick whitish eggshells lay broken
and scattered upon the ground.

6. Accordingly I got everything on board, charged my gun, set sail
cautiously, along shore. As I passed by Battle Lagoon, I began to
tremble.

7. I seized my gun, and went cautiously from my camp: when I had
advanced about thirty yards, I halted behind a coppice of orange
trees, and soon perceived two very large bears, which had made their
way through the water and had landed in the grove, and were advancing
toward me.

(_b_) Bring up sentences with five transitive and five intransitive
verbs.




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Verbs Classification - Transitive/Intransitive - study & use - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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[Sidenote: _Study_ use, _not_ form, _of verbs here._]

206. Many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, according to
their use in the sentence, It can be said, "The boy _walked_ for two
hours," or "The boy _walked_ the horse;" "The rains _swelled_ the
river," or "The river _swelled_ because of the rain;" etc.

The important thing to observe is, many words must be distinguished as
transitive or intransitive by _use_, not by _form_.


207. Also verbs are sometimes made transitive by prepositions.
These may be (1) compounded with the verb; or (2) may follow the verb,
and be used as an integral part of it: for example,--

     Asking her pardon for having _withstood_ her.--SCOTT.

     I can wish myself no worse than to have it all to _undergo_ a
     second time.--KINGSLEY.

     A weary gloom in the deep caverns of his eyes, as of a child that
     has _outgrown_ its playthings.--HAWTHORNE.

     It is amusing to walk up and down the pier and _look at_ the
     countenances passing by.--B. TAYLOR.

     He was at once so out of the way, and yet so sensible, that I
     loved, _laughed at_, and pitied him.--GOLDSMITH.

     My little nurse told me the whole matter, which she had cunningly
     _picked out_ from her mother.--SWIFT.



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Verbs Classification - Transitive/Intransitive - In trans. Definition - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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[Sidenote: _The nature of intransitive verbs._]

204. Examine the verbs in the following paragraph:--

     She _sprang up_ at that thought, and, taking the staff which
     always guided her steps, she _hastened_ to the neighboring shrine
     of Isis. Till she _had been_ under the guardianship of the kindly
     Greek, that staff _had sufficed_ to conduct the poor blind girl
     from corner to corner of Pompeii.--BULWER

In this there are some verbs unlike those that have been examined.
_Sprang_, or _sprang up_, expresses action, but it is complete in
itself, does not affect an object; _hastened_ is similar in use; _had
been_ expresses condition, or state of being, and can have no object;
_had sufficed_ means _had been sufficient_, and from its meaning
cannot have an object.

Such verbs are called intransitive (not crossing over). Hence

[Sidenote: _Definition._]


205. An intransitive verb is one which is complete in itself, or
which is completed by other words without requiring an object.



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Verbs Classification - Transitive/Intransitive - Definition - Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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VERBS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO MEANING AND USE.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS.


[Sidenote: _The nature of the transitive verb._]

202. By examining a few verbs, it may be seen that not all verbs are
used alike. All do not express action: some denote state or condition.
Of those expressing action, all do not express it in the same way; for
example, in this sentence from Bulwer,--"The proud lone _took_ care to
conceal the anguish she _endured_; and the pride of woman _has_ an
hypocrisy which _can deceive_ the most penetrating, and _shame_ the
most astute,"--every one of the verbs in Italics has one or more words
before or after it, representing something which it influences or
controls. In the first, lone _took_ what? answer, _care_; _endured_
what? _anguish_; etc. Each influences some object, which may be a
person, or a material thing, or an idea. _Has_ takes the object
_hypocrisy_; _can deceive_ has an object, _the most penetrating_;
(can) _shame_ also has an object, _the most astute_.

In each case, the word following, or the object, is necessary to the
completion of the action expressed in the verb.

All these are called transitive verbs, from the Latin _transire_,
which means _to go over_. Hence


[Sidenote: _Definition._]

203. A transitive verb is one which must have an object to complete
its meaning, and to receive the action expressed.



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Verbs And Verbals - derivation/latine - definition-Parts Of Speech-ESL/Learn English Grammar

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VERBS

[Sidenote: _Verb,--the word of the sentence._]

199. The term _verb_ is from the Latin _verbum_ meaning _word_:
hence it is _the_ word of a sentence. A thought cannot be expressed
without a verb. 


When the child cries, "Apple!" it means, _See_ the
apple! or I _have_ an apple! In the mariner's shout, "A sail!" the
meaning is, "Yonder _is_ a sail!"

Sentences are in the form of declarations, questions, or commands; and none of these can be put before the mind without the use of a verb.

[Sidenote: _One group or a group of words._]

200. The verb may not always be a single word. On account of the
lack of inflections, _verb phrases_ are very frequent. Hence the verb may consist of:

(1) _One word_; as, "The young man _obeyed_."

(2) _Several words of verbal nature, making one expression_; as,


(_a_)"Some day it _may be considered_ reasonable," 

(_b_) "Fearing lest he_might have been anticipated_."

(3) _One or more verbal words united with other words to compose one verb phrase_: as in the sentences, 


(_a_) "They knew well that this woman _ruled over_ thirty millions of subjects;" 
(_b_) "If all the flummery and extravagance of an army _were done away with_, the money
could be made to go much further;" 

(_c_) "It is idle cant to pretend anxiety for the better distribution of wealth until we can devise means by which this preying upon people of small incomes _can be put a stop to_."

In (_a_), a verb and a preposition are used as one verb; 

in (_b_), a verb, an adverb, and a preposition unite as a verb; 
in (_c_), an article, a noun, a preposition, are united with verbs as one verb phrase.

[Sidenote: _Definition and caution._]

201. A verb is a word used as a predicate, to say something to or
about some person or thing. In giving a definition, we consider a verb
as one word.

Now, it is indispensable to the nature of a verb that it is "a word
used as a predicate." Examine the sentences in Sec. 200: In (1),
_obeyed_ is a predicate; in (2, _a_), _may be considered_ is a unit in
doing the work of one predicate; in (2, _b_), _might have been
anticipated_ is also one predicate, but _fearing_ is not a predicate,
hence is not a verb; in (3, _b_), _to go_ is no predicate, and not a
verb; in (3, _c_), _to pretend_ and _preying_ have something of
verbal nature in expressing action in a faint and general way, but
cannot be predicates.

In the sentence, "_Put_ money in thy purse," _put_ is the predicate,
with some word understood; as, "Put _thou_ money in thy purse."



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